Abstract
Although infection with Strongyloides stercoralis is often subclinical, some infections persist for decades due to the parasite's autoinfective lifecycle. Hyperinfection syndrome, however, characterized by a massive increase in parasite burden as a result of host immunosuppression causes a myriad of clinical symptoms and is associated with high mortality. Use of corticosteroids and infection with HTLV-1 virus are the biggest traditional risk factors for hyperinfection syndrome, though its development can occur with virtually any degree of immunosuppression. Recurrent hyperinfection syndrome, though rare, has also been demonstrated in persons with ongoing immunosuppression, prompting many experts to recommend continued prophylactic treatment in at risk populations. We present the case of a recurrent S. stercoralis hyperinfection occurring four years after previous treatment with anti-helminthic therapy in a patient with AIDS with intermittent adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), highlighting diagnostic and treatment issues in the management of recurrent S. stercoralis infection.