Abstract
To investigate the molecular etiology of low sperm quality in patients with intractable spermatocystitis, spermatozoa samples from patients with persistent hematospermia undergoing transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy and healthy volunteers were utilized. Spermatozoa samples were collected from the seminal vesicles through transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy or by masturbation ejaculation. Sperm quality was analyzed by a WLJY-9000 color semen analysis system. Measurement of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the seminal plasma was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Measurement of H 2 O 2 in the seminal plasma was performed with a hydrogen peroxide kit. The protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and phosphorylated-Nrf2 (p-Nrf2) were measured by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assays. Low sperm quality parameters and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and H 2 O 2 ) in the seminal plasma were detected among the semen samples from the patients with persistent hematospermia. Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 were strongly expressed in the nucleus and periphery of human sperm cells, according to the results of the immunofluorescence assays. The protein levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 were significantly lower in the spermatozoa samples from patients with persistent hematospermia than in those from healthy volunteers with normal sperm motility. The results suggested that Nrf2 signaling might play a role in the low sperm quality of patients with intractable spermatocystitis.