Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that produce ATP and maintain metabolic, catabolic, and redox homeostasis. Mitochondria owe this dynamic nature to their constant fission and fusion-processes that are regulated, in part, by fusion factors (MFN1 and MFN2) and fission factors (DRP1, FIS1, MFF, MIEF1, MIEF2) located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. While mitochondrial fusion and fission are known to influence mitochondrial morphology and function, a key question is whether rebalancing mitochondrial morphology can ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of mitochondrial pathology. In this study, we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to systematically evaluate the effects of fusion and fission factors in vitro. Free uptake by cells of fusion or fission factor ASOs caused robust decreases in target gene expression and altered a variety of mitochondrial parameters, including mitochondrial size and respiration, which were dose dependent. In Mfn1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and MFN2-R94Q (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2 Disease-associated mutation) MEFs, two cellular models of mitochondrial dysfunction, we found that ASO-mediated silencing of only Drp1 restored mitochondrial morphology and enhanced mitochondrial respiration. Together, these data demonstrate in vitro proof-of-concept for rebalancing mitochondrial morphology to rescue function using ASOs and suggest that ASO-mediated modulation of mitochondrial dynamics may be a viable therapeutic approach to restore mitochondrial homeostasis in diseases driven by mitochondrial dysfunction.