Abstract
Thrombosis has been associated with severity and mortality in COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infects the host via its spike protein. However, direct effects of spike proteins from SARS-CoV-2 variants on platelet activity and coagulability have not been examined. An ethically approved ex vivo study was performed under a preplanned power analysis. Venous blood was collected from 6 healthy subjects who gave prior written consent. The samples were divided into 5 groups: without spike proteins (group N) and with spike proteins derived from alpha, beta, gamma, and delta SARS-CoV-2 variants (groups A, B, C, and D, respectively). Platelet aggregability, P-selectin expression, platelet-associated complement-1 (PAC-1) binding, platelet count, and mean platelet volume (MPV) were measured in all 5 groups, and thromboelastography (TEG) parameters were measured in groups N and D. The % change in each parameter in groups A to D was calculated relative to the value in group N. Data were analyzed by Friedman test, except for TEG parameters, which were evaluated by Wilcoxon matched pairs test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. This study included 6 participants based on a power analysis. There were no significant differences in platelet aggregability under stimulation with adenosine diphosphate 5 µg/ml, collagen 0.2 or 0.5 µg/ml, and Ser-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg-Asn-amide trifluoroacetate salt (SFLLRN) 0.5 or 1 µM in groups A-D compared to group N. There were also no significant differences in P-selectin expression and PAC-1 binding under basal conditions or SFLLRN stimulation, and no significant differences in platelet count, MPV and TEG parameters. Platelet hyperactivity and blood hypercoagulability have been reported in COVID-19 patients, but spike proteins at 5 µg/ml from SARS-CoV-2 variants (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) did not directly cause these effects in an ex vivo study. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kyoto University Hospital (R0978-1) on March 06, 2020.