Abstract
The mammalian lungs encounter several pathogens, but have a sophisticated multi-phase immune defense. Furthermore, several immune responses to suppress pulmonary pathogens can damage the airway epithelial cells, particularly the vital alveolar epithelial cells (pneumocytes). The lungs have a sequentially activated, but overlapping, five phase immune response to suppress most pathogens, while causing minimal damage to the airway epithelial cells. Each phase of the immune response may suppress the pathogens, but if the previous phase proves inadequate, a stronger phase of immune response is activated, but with an increased risk of airway epithelial cell damage. The first phase immune response involves the pulmonary surfactants, which have proteins and phospholipids with potentially sufficient antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties to suppress many pathogens. The second phase immune response involves the type III interferons, having pathogen responses with comparatively minimal risk of damage to airway epithelial cells. The third phase immune response involves type I interferons, which implement stronger immune responses against pathogens with an increased risk of damage to airway epithelial cells. The fourth phase immune response involves the type II interferon, interferon-γ, which activates stronger immune responses, but with considerable risk of airway epithelial cell damage. The fifth phase immune response involves antibodies, potentially activating the complement system. In summary, five major phases of immune responses for the lungs are sequentially initiated to create an overlapping immune response which can suppress most pathogens, while usually causing minimal damage to the airway epithelial cells, including the pneumocytes.