Abstract
Bone regeneration can be accelerated by utilizing mechanical stress and growth factors (GFs). However, a limited understanding exists regarding the response of preosteoblasts to tensile stress alone or with GFs. We measured cell proliferation and expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and other bone-related proteins by preosteoblasts following cyclic tensile stress (1%-10% magnitude) alone or in combination with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Tensile stress (3%) with GFs induced greater gene upregulation of osteoprotegerin (3.3 relative fold induction [RFI] compared to sham-treated samples), prostaglandin E synthase 2 (2.1 RFI), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (11.5 RFI), compared with samples treated with stimuli alone or sham-treated samples. The most significant increases in messenger RNA expression occurred with GF addition to either static-cultured or tensile-loaded (1% elongation) cells for the following genes: HSP47 (RFI=2.53), cyclooxygenase-2 (RFI=72.52), bone sialoprotein (RFI=11.56), and TGF-β1 (RFI=8.05). Following 5% strain with GFs, VEGF secretion increased 64% (days 3-6) compared with GF alone and cell proliferation increased 23% compared with the sham-treated group. GF addition increased osteocalcin secretion but decreased matrix metalloproteinase-9 significantly (days 3-6). Tensile stress and GFs in combination may enhance bone regeneration by initiating angiogenic and anti-osteoclastic effects and promote cell growth.