Abstract
In nondialysis CKD (ND-CKD), anemia is a multifactorial and complex condition in which several dysfunctions dynamically contribute to a reduction in circulating hemoglobin (Hb) levels in red blood cells. Anemia is common in CKD and represents an important and modifiable risk factor for poor clinical outcomes. Importantly, symptoms related to anemia, including reduced physical functioning and fatigue, have been identified as high priorities by patients with CKD. The current management of anemia in ND-CKD (i.e., parameters to initiate treatment, Hb and iron indexes targets, choice of therapies, and effect of treatment on clinical and patient-reported outcomes) remains controversial. In this review article, we explore the epidemiology of anemia in ND-CKD and revise current recommendations and controversies in its management. Exploring data from real-world clinical practices, particularly from the Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (CKDopps), we highlight the current challenges to translating current recommendations to clinical practice, providing patients' perspectives of anemia and how it affects their quality of life. Finally, we summarize recent advances in the field of anemia that may change the way this condition will be managed in the future.