Abstract
Fatty acylation is a widespread form of protein modification that occurs on specific intracellular and secreted proteins. Beyond increasing hydrophobicity and the affinity of the modified protein for lipid bilayers, covalent attachment of a fatty acid exerts effects on protein localization, inter- and intramolecular interactions and signal transduction. As such, research into protein fatty acylation has been embraced by an extensive community of biologists. This special issue highlights advances at the forefront of the field, by focusing on two families of enzymes that catalyse post-translational protein fatty acylation, zDHHC palmitoyl acyltransferases and membrane-bound O-acyl transferases, and signalling pathways regulated by their fatty acylated protein substrates. The collected contributions catalogue the tremendous progress that has been made in enzyme and substrate identification. In addition, articles in this special issue provide insights into the pivotal functions of fatty acylated proteins in immune cell, insulin and EGF receptor-mediated signalling pathways. As selective inhibitors of protein fatty acyltransferases are generated, the future holds great promise for therapeutic targeting of fatty acyltransferases that play key roles in human disease.