Abstract
BACKGROUND: Current detection and genotyping methods of genogroup (G) I and II noroviruses (NoVs) consist of a 2-step approach including detection of viral RNA by TaqMan realtime RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) followed by conventional RT-PCR and sequencing of partial regions of ORF1 or ORF2. OBJECTIVE: To develop novel long-template one-step TaqMan assays (L-RT-qPCR) for the rapid detection and direct genotyping of GI and GII NoVs and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the assays. STUDY DESIGN: GI and GII-specific broadly reactive L-RT-qPCR assays were developed by combining existing NoV primers and probes targeting the open reading frame (ORF)1-ORF2 junction as well as region C at the 5'-ORF2. The assays were validated using GI and GII RNA transcripts and a coded panel of 75 stool samples containing NoV strains representing 9 GI genotypes and 12 GII genotypes, as well as sapoviruses, astroviruses, polioviruses, and rotaviruses. L-RT-qPCR products were typed by sequencing. RESULTS: The novel GI and GII L-RT-qPCR assays detected and typed all but one of the NoV positive panel samples. As few as 5-500 RNA copies could be accurately typed by sequencing of amplicons. CONCLUSIONS: We developed novel one-step TaqMan RT-qPCR assays for the sensitive detection and direct genotyping of GI and GII NoVs from clinical and environmental matrices.