Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) has been reported to exhibit cytotoxic activity in multiple types of malignant cells; however, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of RSV in non‑small‑cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells remain undetermined. Combining bioinformatics analysis with experimental validation, the present study aimed to examine the effects of RSV on the apoptosis and autophagy of A549 NSCLC cells, and to determine the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Bioinformatics analysis was used to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and identify the enriched biological functions and pathways associated with these DEGs following RSV treatment. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay, and flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate cell apoptosis. Monodansylcadaverine staining combined with a transmission electron microscope were used to evaluate the extent of autophagy. The expression levels of apoptosis‑, autophagy‑, or pathway‑associated molecular markers were measured by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and/or western blot analysis. By bioinformatics analysis, a total of 1,031 DEGs were identified in the RSV‑treated A549 cells, which were enriched in apoptosis‑, or autophagy‑related biological functions and the p53 signaling pathway. In validation experiments, RSV significantly reduced cell viability and initiated apoptosis, with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells; it also upregulated cleaved caspase‑3 expression and Bax expression, and downregulated the Bcl‑2 expression levels. Additionally, there was an increase in the accumulation of green dot‑like structures, indicative of autophagic vesicles, observed under a fluorescence microscope, and an increase in the presence of autophagic vacuoles observed using a transmission electron microscope following RSV treatment. Furthermore, the expression levels of the autophagy‑related proteins, LC3‑II/LC3‑I and Beclin‑1, were increased and p62 expression was decreased. 3‑methyladenine (3‑MA), an inhibitor of autophagy, partially reversed the RSV‑induced cytotoxic effects, but did not significantly alter the number of apoptotic cells. RSV elevated the p53 levels and decreased the phosphorylated (p‑)Mdm2 and p‑Akt levels. Pifithrin‑α, an inhibitor of p53, partially reduced RSV‑induced apoptosis and autophagy. On the whole, the results of the present study demonstrated that RSV initiates the apoptosis and autophagic death of A549 cells via the activation of the p53 signaling pathway, further highlighting the potential of RSV for the treatment of NSCLC.