Abstract
As global pollution continues to escalate, timely and accurate monitoring is essential for guiding pollution governance and safeguarding public health. The increasing diversity of pollutants across environmental matrices poses a significant challenge for instrumental analysis methods, which often require labor-intensive and time-consuming sample pretreatment. Nanopore technology, an emerging single-molecule technique, presents a promising solution by enabling the rapid identification of multiple targets within complex mixtures with minimal sample preparation. A wide range of pollutants have been characterized using natural biological nanopores or artificial solid-state nanopores, and their distinct advantages include simple sample preparation, high sensitivity, and rapid onsite analysis. In particular, long-read nanopore sequencing has led to dramatic improvements in the analyses of environmental microbial communities, allows species-level taxonomic assignment using amplicon sequencing, and simplifies the assembly of metagenomes. In this Perspective, we review the latest advancements in analyzing chemical and biological pollutants through nanopore sensing and sequencing techniques. We also explore the challenges that remain in this rapidly evolving field and provide an outlook on the potential for nanopore environmental analysis to transform pollution monitoring, risk assessment, and public health protection.