Abstract
Environmental stressors induce changes in marine mussels from molecular (e.g., neurotransmitter and chaperone concentration, and expression of immune- and heat-shock protein-related genes) to physiological (e.g., filtration and heart rates, the number of circulating hemocytes) levels. Temperature directly affects the biogeographic distribution of mussels. Chaperones might form an essential part of endogenous protective mechanisms for the adaptation of these animals to low temperatures in nature. Here, we review the available studies dealing with cold stress responses of Mytilidae family members in their natural environment.