Abstract
Background/Objectives: In the context of accelerating climate change and growing food insecurity, improving crop resilience to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, and cold is a critical agricultural and scientific challenge. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms that underlie plant stress responses is essential for developing resilient crop varieties This review aims to provide an integrative overview of how metabolomics can elucidate biochemical mechanisms underlying stress tolerance and guide the development of stress-resilient crops. Methods: We reviewed the recent literature on metabolomic studies addressing abiotic stress responses in various crop species, focusing on both targeted and untargeted approaches using platforms such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also included emerging techniques such as capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and data-independent acquisition (DIA). Additionally, we discuss the integration of metabolomics with transcriptomics and physiological data to support system-level insights. Results: The reviewed studies identify common stress-responsive metabolites, including osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and signaling compounds, which are consistently linked to enhanced tolerance. Novel metabolic biomarkers and putative regulatory hubs are highlighted as potential targets for molecular breeding and bioengineering. We also address ongoing challenges related to data standardization and reproducibility across analytical platforms. Conclusions: Metabolomics is a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of plant abiotic stress responses. Its integration with other omics approaches and phenotypic analyses offers promising avenues for improving crop resilience and developing climate-adaptive agricultural strategies.