Abstract
Treatment of diabetic foot is challenging due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms, various clinical manifestations, severe complications with considerable impairment of quality of life, and the need for special, individualized treatment strategies. Particularly in the case of diabetic foot ulcers, conventional therapies are not always effective, so new treatment strategies are needed. This review aims to present alternative therapies with current efficacy data for diabetic foot ulcers that may be suitable for treatment-refractory ulcers. Platelet-rich plasma and stem cells have regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects and show good results in the treatment of diabetic ulcers, while ozone therapy improves local circulation and antioxidant levels. Wearable devices could become crucial for the long-term monitoring of patients with diabetic foot as they allow early identification of ulcers or infections. There are also literature reports of alternative treatments (e.g., maggot debridement, honey dressings, acupuncture) that have been used successfully for treatment-refractory ulcers, demonstrating how diverse the management of the diabetic foot can be.