Abstract
Human milk provides essential nutrients for infant nutrition. A large proportion of human milk is composed of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are resistant to digestion by the infant. Instead, HMOs act as a bioactive and prebiotic enriching HMO-utilizing bacteria and cause systematic changes in the host. Several species of Bifidobacterium have been shown to utilize HMOs by conserved, as well as species-specific pathways, but less work has been done to study variation within species or sub-species. B. longum subsp. infantis is a prevalent species in the breast-fed infant gut and the molecular mechanisms of HMO utilization for the type strain B. longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 (type strain) have been well characterized. We used growth, transcriptomic, and metabolite analysis to characterize key differences in the utilization of 2'FL, 3FL and DFL (FLs) between B. longum subsp. infantis Bi-26 (Bi-26) and the type strain. Bi-26 grows faster, produces unique metabolites, and has a distinct global gene transcription response to FLs compared to the type strain. Taken together the findings demonstrate major strain specific adaptations in Bi-26 to efficient utilization of FLs.