Primary alterations during the development of hidradenitis suppurativa

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the apocrine gland-rich (AGR) skin region. The initial steps of disease development are not fully understood, despite intense investigations into immune alterations in lesional HS skin. Objectives: We aimed to systematically investigate the inflammatory molecules involved in three stages of HS pathogenesis, including healthy AGR, non-lesional HS and lesional HS skin, with the parallel application of multiple mRNA and protein-based

Our findings that non-lesional HS epidermal keratinocytes produce not only AMPs and IL-1β but also high levels of TNF-α and IL-23 confirm the driver role of keratinocytes in HS pathogenesis and highlight the possible role of keratinocytes in the transformation of non-inflammatory Th17 cells (of healthy AGR skin) into inflammatory cells (of HS) via the production of these mediators. The fact that epidermal TNF-α and IL-23 appear also in non-lesional HS seems to prove these cytokines as excellent therapeutic targets.

Immune cell counts (T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages), Th1/Th17-related molecules (IL-12B, TBX21, IFNG, TNFA, IL-17, IL10, IL-23A, TGFB1, RORC, CCL20), keratinocyte-related sensors (TLR2,4), mediators (S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, DEFB4B, LCN2, CAMP, CCL2) and pro-inflammatory molecules (IL1B, IL6, TNFA, IL-23A) were investigated in the three groups by RNASeq, RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.

Epidermal changes were already detectable in non-lesional HS skin; the epidermal occurrence of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-23 was highly upregulated compared with healthy AGR skin. In lesional HS epidermis, TNF-α and IL-1β expression remained at high levels while AMPs and IL-23 increased even more compared with non-lesional skin. In the dermis of non-lesional HS skin, signs of inflammation were barely detectable (vs. AGR), while in the lesional dermis, the number of inflammatory cells and Th1/Th17-related mediators were significantly elevated. Conclusions: Our findings that non-lesional HS epidermal keratinocytes produce not only AMPs and IL-1β but also high levels of TNF-α and IL-23 confirm the driver role of keratinocytes in HS pathogenesis and highlight the possible role of keratinocytes in the transformation of non-inflammatory Th17 cells (of healthy AGR skin) into inflammatory cells (of HS) via the production of these mediators. The fact that epidermal TNF-α and IL-23 appear also in non-lesional HS seems to prove these cytokines as excellent therapeutic targets.