Abstract
Nickel is a required nutrient for bacteria to produce [NiFe]-hydrogenase and urease enzymes. [NiFe]-hydrogenase catalyzes the reversible conversion of hydrogen into protons and electrons and urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia-both key in bacterial pathogenesis. As such, nickel trafficking and homeostasis are interesting targets for potential antibacterial strategies. In E. coli, NikA binds a Ni(II)-(L-His)2 chelate in the periplasm and delivers this complex to the NikBCDE transporter. Blocking Ni(II) uptake by NikA would prevent the biosynthesis of active [NiFe]-hydrogenase. Fe(III)-EDTA is a potent ligand for NikA, however due to the potential for reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), it has limited utility. Using Fe(III)-EDTA as a starting point for inhibitor design, similar stable complexes of Bismuth(III), Lutetium(III) and Indium(III) were investigated. The In(III)-EDTA complex is a potent inhibitor of cellular [NiFe]-hydrogenase activity (IC50 of 600 μM ± 100 μM) while being nontoxic to bacterial growth. The mechanism of In(III)-EDTA hydrogenase inhibition was confirmed by the inhibition of Ni(II)-dependent processing of HycE (hydrogenase-3), which could be rescued with the addition of exogenous nickel. To elucidate the binding affinity of In(III)-EDTA to NikA, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was carried out, revealing stoichiometric 1:1 binding with a Kd of 17.3 µM ± 3.0 µM. Indium concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in E. coli cells in the presence or absence of NikA showed no discernable difference, further supporting the competitive inhibition of nickel uptake by blocking NikA.