Abstract
Metal ions are essential for all life. In microbial cells, potassium (K(+)) is the most abundant cation and plays a key role in maintaining osmotic balance. Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is the dominant divalent cation and is required for nucleic acid structure and as an enzyme cofactor. Microbes typically require the transition metals manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), although the precise set of metal ions needed to sustain life is variable. Intracellular metal pools can be conceptualized as a chemically complex mixture of rapidly exchanging (labile) ions, complemented by those reservoirs that exchange slowly relative to cell metabolism (sequestered). Labile metal pools are buffered by transient interactions with anionic metabolites and macromolecules, with the ribosome playing a major role. Sequestered metal pools include many metalloproteins, cofactors, and storage depots, with some pools redeployed upon metal depletion. Here, I review the size, composition, and dynamics of intracellular metal pools and highlight the major gaps in understanding.