Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To report Medtronic experiences with the development of animal models for atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic heart failure (CHF) using high-rate pacing for AF and microemboli for CHF. METHODS: For the AF model, an atrial lead was attached to a Medtronic Synergy™ neurostimulator, which was programmed to stimulate at 50 Hz in an on-off duty cycle. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were assayed at select time points. For CHF model, a serial injection of 90 µm polystyrene microspheres at 62,400 beads/mL (Polybead, Polysciences, Inc.) was performed to induce global ischemia, either with weekly monitoring and embolization schedule (group 1, n = 25) or with biweekly monitoring and emboliation schedule (group 2, n = 36 ). Echocardiograms were used along with ventriculograms and magnetic resonance imaging scans weekly to assess cardiac function and ANP, BNP and NT-proBNP were monitored. RESULTS: For the AF model, the days to sustained AF for four animals following surgery were 7, 25, 21 and 19, respectively; For the CHF model, the days to meet CHF endpoints were 116 in group 1 and 89 in group 2. For both AF and CHF models, NT-proBNP correlated well with the development of disease states. CONCLUSION: Our experience for the development and assessment of AF and CHF dog models may help researchers who are in search for animal model for assessing the safety and efficacy of a device-based therapy.