Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pediatric thyroid cancer is on the rise, especially among adolescents. It is more aggressive than adult thyroid cancer and often presents with advanced features. This review aims to examine the current trends in the management and outcomes of pediatric thyroid cancer in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies on pediatric thyroid cancer in Saudi Arabia. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched from inception until December 2023. Extracted information included study identifiers, patient demographics, clinicopathological features, treatment modalities, complications, surveillance practices, recurrence patterns, and survival outcomes. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS: The literature search identified ten eligible studies on pediatric thyroid cancer in Saudi Arabia. Pediatric thyroid cancer in Saudi Arabia often presents with advanced features, including higher rates of lymph nodes and distant metastases at diagnosis compared to adults. Fine-needle aspiration remains accurate, correlating well with final histopathology. Treatment primarily involves surgery, with total thyroidectomy being common, followed by radioactive iodine therapy for high-risk patients or those with positive iodine uptake. Survival rates exceed 95%, indicating a generally favorable prognosis. Recurrence rates can reach up to 30% in some studies, particularly with larger tumors or distant metastases. Hypocalcemia and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury are common postoperative complications, highlighting the need for experienced surgeons and meticulous technique. Genetic alterations in pediatric thyroid cancer are being investigated, but their impact on prognosis and treatment response is unclear. Limited data on management and outcomes in other regions of Saudi Arabia calls for multicenter studies to address healthcare disparities. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric thyroid cancer in Saudi Arabia has unique characteristics compared to its adult counterpart, mandating specialized management approaches. More research is needed on early detection, risk stratification, personalized treatment, and addressing regional disparities to improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.