Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a surgical treatment algorithm recently proposed by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) on survival outcomes in patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and identify effective alternative treatment modalities when liver transplantation (LT) is not available. METHODS: We studied the clinical data of 1,442 patients who were diagnosed with early-stage HCC (a single lesion measuring 2-5 cm in size or 2 to 3 lesions measuring ≤3 cm in size) between 2013 and 2018 and classified as Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) A or B. Analyses were separately performed for individuals recommended for resection (single lesion, CTP A and no clinically significant portal hypertension) and those recommended for LT (single lesion with impaired liver function such as CTP B or clinically significant portal hypertension or multiple lesions). RESULTS: Of 791 patients recommended for surgical resection, 85.8% underwent resection. The 5-year survival rate was higher for patients who underwent surgical resection than for those who received other treatments (89.4% vs 72.3%). Among 651 patients recommended for LT, only 3.4% underwent the procedure. The most common alternative treatment modalities were transarterial therapy (39.3%) followed by resection (28.9%) and ablation (27.8%). The overall survival rate associated with transarterial therapy was lower than that for resection and ablation, whereas that of the latter two treatments were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: The survival outcomes of treatment strategies that most closely aligned with the algorithm proposed by the AASLD were superior to those of alternative treatment approaches. However, LT in patients with early-stage HCC can be challenging. When LT is not feasible, resection and ablation can be considered first-line alternative options.