Abstract
The heart is metabolically flexible. Under physiological conditions, it mainly uses lipids and glucose as energy substrates. In uncontrolled diabetes, the heart switches towards predominant lipid utilization, which over time is detrimental to cardiac function. Additionally, diabetes is accompanied by high plasma ketone levels and increased utilization of energy provision. The administration of exogenous ketones is currently being investigated for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Yet, it remains unclear whether increased cardiac ketone utilization is beneficial or detrimental to cardiac functioning. The mechanism of lipid-induced cardiac dysfunction includes disassembly of the endosomal proton pump (named vacuolar-type H+-ATPase; v-ATPase) as the main early onset event, followed by endosomal de-acidification/dysfunction. The de-acidified endosomes can no longer serve as a storage compartment for lipid transporter CD36, which then translocates to the sarcolemma to induce lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and contractile dysfunction. Lipid-induced v-ATPase disassembly is counteracted by the supply of specific amino acids. Here, we tested the effect of ketone bodies on v-ATPase assembly status and regulation of lipid uptake in rodent/human cardiomyocytes. 3-β-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) exposure induced v-ATPase disassembly and the entire cascade of events leading to contractile dysfunction and insulin resistance, similar to conditions of lipid oversupply. Acetoacetate addition did not induce v-ATPase dysfunction. The negative effects of 3HB could be prevented by addition of specific amino acids. Hence, in sedentary/prediabetic subjects ketone bodies should be used with caution because of possible aggravation of cardiac insulin resistance and further loss of cardiac function. When these latter maladaptive conditions would occur, specific amino acids could potentially be a treatment option.