Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and is used for the management of intermittent claudication. We tested whether PTX has oral efficacy in stimulating new bone formation. Rat calvarial osteoblasts (RCO) were used to study the effect of PTX on osteoblast differentiation and angiogenesis. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were carried out in rats to determine an oral dose of PTX. In ovariectomized (OVX) rats with osteopenia, the effect of PTX on various skeletal parameters was studied, and compared with teriparatide. Effect of PTX on angiogenic signaling was studied by immunoblotting and relevant pharmacologic inhibitors. Bone vascularity was measured by intravenous injection of polystyrene fluorospheres followed by in vivo imaging, and angiogenesis was studied in vitro by tubulogenesis of endothelial cells and in vivo by Matrigel plug assay. Effective concentration (EC50) of PTX in RCO was 8.2 nM and plasma PTX level was 7 nM/mL after single oral dosing of 25 mg/kg, which was 1/6th the clinically used dose. At this dose, PTX enhanced bone regeneration at femur osteotomy site and completely restored bone mass, microarchitecture, and strength in OVX rats. Furthermore, PTX increased surface referent bone formation parameters and serum bone formation marker (PINP) without affecting the resorption marker (CTX-1). PTX increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor in bones and osteoblasts. PTX also increased skeletal vascularity, tubulogenesis of endothelial cells and in vivo angiogenesis. Taken together, our study suggested that PTX at 16% of adult human oral dose completely reversed osteopenia in OVX rats by osteogenic and osteo-angiogenic mechanisms.