Abstract
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have failed to implement risk stratification in patients with heart failure (HF) who are eligible for secondary implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. We aimed to evaluate whether machine learning-based phenomapping using routinely available clinical data can identify subgroups that differ in characteristics and prognoses. METHODS: A total of 389 patients with chronic HF implanted with an ICD were included, and forty-four baseline variables were collected. Phenomapping was performed using hierarchical k-means clustering based on factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD). The utility of phenomapping was validated by comparing the baseline features and outcomes of the first appropriate shock and all-cause death among the phenogroups. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 2.7 years for device interrogation and 5.1 years for survival status, 142 (36.5%) first appropriate shocks and 113 (29.0%) all-cause deaths occurred. The first 12 principal components extracted using the FAMD, explaining 60.5% of the total variability, were left for phenomapping. Three mutually exclusive phenogroups were identified. Phenogroup 1 comprised the oldest patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy; had the highest proportion of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia; and had the most favorable cardiac structure and function among the phenogroups. Phenogroup 2 included the youngest patients, mostly those with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, who had intermediate heart dimensions and function, and the fewest comorbidities. Phenogroup 3 had the worst HF progression. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed significant differences in the first appropriate shock (p = 0.002) and all-cause death (p < 0.001) across the phenogroups. After adjusting for medications in Cox regression, phenogroups 2 and 3 displayed a graded increase in appropriate shock risk (hazard ratio [HR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-2.28, p = 0.033; HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.42-3.43, p < 0.001, respectively; p for trend < 0.001) compared to phenogroup 1. Regarding mortality risk, phenogroup 3 was associated with an increased risk (HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.45-3.49, p < 0.001). In contrast, phenogroup 2 had a risk (p = 0.124) comparable with phenogroup 1. CONCLUSIONS: Machine-learning-based phenomapping can identify distinct phenotype subgroups in patients with clinically heterogeneous HF with secondary prophylactic ICD therapy. This novel strategy may aid personalized medicine for these patients.