Abstract
Since the introduction of the technique of vertical open-configuration systems, efforts have been made to obtain functional lumbar spinal magnetic resonance (MR) images. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between facet joint orientation and flexion patterns in the lower lumbar spine. Thirty-four normal subjects (18 women, 16 men) were examined in a vertical open 0.5-T MR scanner with T1-weighted gradient echo (GE) sequences. Flexion angles were digitally measured in the sagittal plane and facet joint orientation in the axial plane. The population showed three different functional flexion patterns: 17.6% (n=6) had kyphotic angles in all three lower lumbar levels during forward flexion (type 1), 50% (n= 17) had a lordotic angle at L5/S1 but kyphotic angles at L4/L5 and L3/L4 (type 2), and 32.4% (n=11) showed lordotic angles at L5/S1 and L4/L5 but a kyphotic angle at L3/L4 (type 3). There were statistically significant differences between flexion patterns and mean facet joint orientation: at 4/15 33.3 degrees for type 1, 33.5 degrees for type 2 and 46.2 degrees for type 3; at L5/S1 27.2 degrees for type 1, 46.4 degrees for type 2 and 48.1 degrees for type 3. There were no significant differences between the three groups at L3/L4. The three different flexion patterns in normal subjects and their relation to facet joint orientation have not been described previously. Knowledge of these patterns may lead to a better understanding of physiological spinal movement as a base for future investigations in low back pain patients.