Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term health outcomes including pain intensity, pain interference, and fatigue among ambulatory persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Data were analyzed at a major medical university in the southeast USA. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 783 ambulatory adults with SCI of traumatic origin, who were at least 1-year post-injury. Participants were identified through three sources of records at a large specialty hospital in the southeastern USA. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain intensity and interference (Brief Pain Inventory) and fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale Abbreviated Version 5). RESULTS: Examining assistive devices used for ambulation, 66% of the population used at least one device. In the logistic model, wheelchair and cane usage were significantly related to the outcomes after controlling for age, gender, and race. Wheelchair usage 50% of the time or less was significantly related to pain intensity (odds ratio (OR) 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.39-3.03), pain interference (OR 2.11, 95% CI = 1.43-3.12), and fatigue (OR 1.99, 95% CI = 1.12-1.43). Additionally, unilateral cane use was significantly related to the outcomes; pain intensity (OR 1.86, 95% CI = 1.35-2.56), pain interference (OR 2.11, 95% CI = 1.52-2.93), and fatigue (OR 2.49, 95% CI = 1.52-4.08). CONCLUSIONS: Among ambulatory persons with SCI, increased pain intensity, pain interference, and fatigue are associated with minimal wheelchair usage (50% or less) and less supportive assistive device (unilateral cane) usage.