Abstract
The actions of apparently homogeneous alpha-toxin from Clostridium novyi type A were studied in order to develop an in vitro system which closely mimics its in vivo effects and to search for the mode of poisoning. Time to death (by intravenous injection of mice) was inversely related to dose, with a detection limit of about 200 ng/kg of body weight at 100 h. Injections of 2.5 ng or more into the rat paw led to a slowly (maximum after about 30 h) developing, dose-dependent edema which was useful as a quantitative in vivo assay based on volumetry. Vascular leakage was due to gap formation between endothelial cells. Similarly, endothelial cells cultured from pig pulmonary artery lost their "cobblestone" arrangement after a dose-dependent lag period of some hours after poisoning. The morphological changes were accompanied by depression of uptake or incorporation of [3H]uridine. A quantitative in vitro assay was established on the inhibition of [3H]uridine incorporation. As in animals, the action of alpha-toxin started with a few nanograms per milliliter and proceeded slowly for at least 1 day but became resistant to antitoxin within 2 h of exposure. The toxin action is not limited to endothelial cells, since chicken embryonic cells, a mouse fibroblast line (L-929), and a rat phaeochromocytoma line (PC-12) behaved similarly. Alpha-toxin was found to differ from other bacterial toxins investigated whose modes of action are already known.