Abstract
Background: Running is a popular physical activity known for its health benefits but also for a high incidence of lower-limb injuries. This study examined the effects of three biomechanical interventions-cadence adjustments, footwear modifications, and foot orthoses-on plantar pressure distribution and spatiotemporal running parameters. Methods: A quasi-experimental, repeated-measures design was conducted with 23 healthy recreational runners (mean age 25, mean BMI 22.5) who ran at least twice per week. Five conditions were tested: baseline (C0), increased cadence (C1), orthoses (C2), low-drop footwear (C3), and a combination of these (C4). Data were collected on a Zebris treadmill, focusing on rearfoot contact time, peak forces, and stride length. Results: Increasing cadence (C1) reduced rearfoot impact forces (-81.36 N) and led to a shorter stride (-17 cm). Low-drop footwear (C3) decreased rearfoot contact time (-1.89 ms) and peak force (-72.13 N), while shifting pressure toward the midfoot. Orthoses (C2) effectively redistributed plantar pressures reducing rearfoot peak force (-41.31 N) without changing stride length. The combined intervention (C4) yielded the most pronounced reductions in peak forces across the rearfoot (-183.18 N) and forefoot (-139.09 N) and increased midfoot contact time (+5.07 ms). Conclusions: Increasing cadence and low-drop footwear significantly reduced impact forces, improving running efficiency. Orthoses effectively redistributed plantar pressures, supporting individualized injury prevention strategies. These findings suggest that combining cadence adjustments, footwear modifications, and orthoses could enhance injury prevention and running efficiency for recreational runners.