Abstract
Retinal diseases encompass a diverse group of disorders that affect the structure and function of the retina, leading to visual impairment and, in some cases, irreversible vision loss. The investigation of retinal diseases is crucial for understanding their underlying mechanisms, identifying potential therapeutic targets, and developing effective treatments. The use of in vitro cell models has become instrumental in advancing our knowledge of these disorders, but given that these conditions usually affect retinal neuronal cell types, access to appropriate cell models can be potentially challenging. Among the available in vitro cell models, the 661W cone-like cell line has emerged as a valuable tool for studying various retinal diseases, ranging from monogenic conditions, such as inherited retinal diseases, to complex conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, amongst others. Developed from immortalized murine photoreceptor cells, and freely available for academics from its creator, the 661W cell line has offered visual scientists and clinicians around the world a reliable and well-characterised platform for investigating disease pathogenesis, exploring disease-specific molecular signatures, and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. This review aims to provide an overview of the 661W cell line and its applications in the study of both inherited and acquired retinal diseases. By examining the applications and limitations of this unique cell line, we may gain valuable insights into its contributions in unravelling the complexities of retinal diseases and its potential impact on the development of novel treatments for these diseases.