Abstract
The capability to precisely rotate cells and other micrometer-sized biological samples is invaluable in biomedicine, bioengineering, and biophysics. We propose herein a novel on-chip cell rotation method using acoustic microstreaming generated by oscillating asymmetrical microstructures. When the vibration is applied to a microchip with our custom-designed microstructures, two different modes of highly localized microvortices are generated that are utilized to precisely achieve in-plane and out-of-plane rotational manipulation of microbeads and oocytes. The rotation mechanism is studied and verified using numerical simulations. Experiments of the microbeads are conducted to evaluate the claimed functions and investigate the effects of various parameters, such as the frequency and the driving voltage on the acoustically induced flows. Accordingly, it is shown that the rotational speed and direction can be effectively tuned on demand in single-cell studies. Finally, the rotation of swine oocytes is involved as further applications. By observing the maturation stages of M2 after the exclusion of the first polar body of operated oocytes, the proposed method is proved to be noninvasive. Compared with the conventional approaches, our acoustofluidic cell rotation approach can be simple-to-fabricate and easy-to-operate, thereby allowing rotations irrespective of the physical properties of the specimen under investigation.