Abstract
Transition-metal catalyzed couplings of aryl halides or arenes with aryl organometallics, as well as direct reductive coupling of two aryl halides, are the predominant methods to synthesize biaryls. However, stoichiometric amounts of metals are inevitably utilized in these reactions, either in the pre-generation of organometallic reagents or acting as reductant in situ, thus producing quantitative metal waste. Herein, we demonstrate that this longstanding challenge can be overcome with N(2)H(4) as a metal surrogate. The fundamental innovation of this strategy is that N(2) and H(2) are generated as side products, which readily escape from the system after the reaction. The success of both homo- and cross-coupling of various aryl electrophiles bearing a wide range of functional groups manifests the powerfulness and versatility of this strategy. Furthermore, both homo- and cross-couplings of a series of alkaloids, amino acids and steroids exemplify application of this protocol in the functionalization of biologically active molecules.