Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sustainable performance in the pharmaceutical industry hinges on the strategic alignment of human resources (HR), marketing, and information technology (IT). Prior studies often examined these domains separately; evidence on their joint influence in Iran's pharmaceutical sector remains limited. OBJECTIVES: To assess how HR, marketing, and IT strategic alignment relate to profitability, liquidity, and revenue growth using machine-learning methods, and to document model generalization and measurement validity. METHODS: This applied, cross-sectional study surveyed 323 managers in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)-listed pharmaceutical firms (May to Nov, 2024). A validated questionnaire [CVI/CVR; EFA/ confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); reliability reported] was used only to construct composite indices of HR, marketing, and IT alignment; organizational performance outcomes, profitability, liquidity, and revenue growth (year-over-year) were computed from audited financial statements and then z-standardized. Inputs were min-max scaled to [0, 1]. A feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN; 3-15-1 per outcome; ReLU hidden, linear output) was trained with Levenberg-Marquardt, early stopping, and L2 regularization. Data were split 70/15/15 (train/validation/test) with 5 × 10 repeated cross-validation; bootstrap resampling (B = 1000) produced BCa 95% CIs. Model performance was assessed using mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and R(2). RESULTS: Aggregate fit was strong (R(2) = 0.91; RMSE = 0.134), with comparable validation/test metrics indicating good generalization. The triadic alignment factor showed the highest association with overall strategic alignment (R(2) = 0.76; P < 0.001). At the subcomponent level, organizational commitment related to profitability (R(2) = 0.59), and aggressive marketing to profitability (R(2) = 0.66). Results are associative, not causal. CONCLUSIONS: Machine-learning evidence suggests that coordinated alignment across HR, marketing, and IT is strongly associated with key performance components. The validated instrument, explicit splits, cross-validation, and bootstrap CIs enhance robustness and provide a practical, data-driven framework for managerial action in Iran's pharmaceutical industry.