Abstract
SUMOylation is an important posttranslational modification for regulation of cellular functions and viral replication. Here, we report that protein SUMOylation regulates the replication of influenza A virus at the steps of viral maturation and assembly. Knocking down the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 resulted in the reduction of virus production. Dissection of the virus life cycle revealed that SUMOylation is involved in the processes of virus maturation and assembly. The viral matrix protein M1 is SUMOylated at K242. A virus carrying the SUMO-defective M1 produced a lower titer of virus, while its viral proteins and viral RNA (vRNA) accumulated in the cells. Furthermore, the mechanistic studies showed that the SUMOylation of M1 is required for the interaction between M1 and viral RNP (vRNP) to form the M1-vRNP complex. The lack of M1 SUMOylation prevented the nuclear export of vRNP and subsequent viral morphogenesis. Taken together, our findings elucidate that the maturation and assembly of influenza A virus is controlled by the SUMO modification of M1 protein. Therefore, we suggest that M1 can serve as a target for developing a new generation of drugs for flu therapy.