Abstract
Accuracy and transferability are the two highly desirable properties of molecular mechanical force fields. Compared with the extensively used point-charge additive force fields that apply fixed atom-centered point partial charges to model electrostatic interactions, polarizable force fields are thought to have the advantage of modeling the atomic polarization effects. Previous works have demonstrated the accuracy of the recently developed polarizable Gaussian multipole (pGM) models. In this work, we assessed the transferability of the electrostatic parameters of the pGM models with (pGM-perm) and without (pGM-ind) atomic permanent dipoles in terms of reproducing the electrostatic potentials surrounding molecules/oligomers absent from electrostatic parameterizations. Encouragingly, both the pGM-perm and pGM-ind models show significantly improved transferability than the additive model in the tests (1) from water monomer to water oligomer clusters; (2) across different conformations of amino acid dipeptides and tetrapeptides; (3) from amino acid tetrapeptides to longer polypeptides; and (4) from nucleobase monomers to Watson-Crick base pair dimers and tetramers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the double-conformation fittings using amino acid tetrapeptides in the αR and β conformations can result in good transferability not only across different tetrapeptide conformations but also from tetrapeptides to polypeptides with lengths ranging from 1 to 20 repetitive residues for both the pGM-ind and pGM-perm models. In addition, the observation that the pGM-ind model has significantly better accuracy and transferability than the point-charge additive model, even though they have an identical number of parameters, strongly suggest the importance of intramolecular polarization effects. In summary, this and previous works together show that the pGM models possess both accuracy and transferability, which are expected to serve as foundations for the development of next-generation polarizable force fields for modeling various polarization-sensitive biological systems and processes.