Abstract
The unique lignocellulosic and solvent-extractive chemical constituents of most natural fibers are rich in natural polymers and bioactive molecules that can be exploited for biomaterial formulation. However, although natural fibers' main constituents have been already incorporated as material reinforcement and improve surface bioactivity of polymeric materials, the use of the whole natural fibers as bioactive fillers remains largely unexplored. Thus, we put forward the formulation of natural fiber filling and functionalization of biomaterials by studying the chemical composition of cocoa bean shells (CBS) and proposing the fabrication and characterization of polylactic acid (PLA) and CBS-based composite by solvent-casting. As was expected from previous studies of agro-industrial wastes, the main components of CBS were to cellulose (42.23 wt.%), lignin (22.68 wt.%), hemicellulose (14.73 wt.%), and solvent extractives (14.42 wt.%). Structural analysis (FTIR) confirms the absence of covalent bonding between materials. Thermal degradation profiles (DSC and TGA) showed similar mass losses and thermal-reaction profiles for lignocellulosic-fibers-based composites. The mechanical behavior of the PLA/CBS composite shows a stiffer material behavior than the pristine material. The cell viability of Vero cells in the presence of the composites was above 94%, and the hemolytic tendency was below 5%, while platelet aggregation increased up to 40%. Antioxidant activity was confirmed with comparable 2,2-diphe-277 nyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free-radical scavenging than Vitamin C even for PLA/CBS composite. Therefore, the present study elucidates the significant promise of CBS for bioactive functionalization in biomaterial-engineering, as the tested composite exhibited high biocompatibility and strong antioxidant activity and might induce angiogenic factors' release. Moreover, we present an eco-friendly alternative to taking advantage of chocolate-industry by-products.