Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine how parental relationship quality (communication frequency, time spent together, and closeness) during early adulthood is related to heavy episodic drinking (HED) during this developmental period and whether effects vary according to age, youth sex, or parent sex. METHODS: National data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Transition to Adulthood Study were analyzed. Youth participated in up to four interviews (2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011; n = 1,320-1,489) between ages 18-25 years. At each wave, respondents reported past-year HED and their communication frequency, time spent, and closeness with each parent (items combined into an index). We tested differences in parental effects by age, parent sex, and youth sex using multigroup latent curve models. RESULTS: Paternal relationship quality was negatively associated with HED for both males and females at each age; associations did not vary by respondent age or sex (odds ratio [OR] = .73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .63-.85). Maternal relationship quality was significantly negatively associated with HED at ages 18-19 years among both sexes equally (OR = .50, 95% CI: .41-.61). Although protective associations continued until the age of 25 years for males, they weakened and became nonsignificant at ages 20-25 years for females (OR = .87, 95% CI: .72-1.04). Findings were robust to inclusion of multiple covariates associated with both parenting and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Having close, communicative parental relationships seems protective against HED in early adulthood, although for females maternal effects appear limited to late adolescence. Programs to improve relationship quality between young adults and their parents may help curb problematic drinking during this vulnerable period.