Abstract
Critical illness leads to significant metabolic alterations that should be considered when providing nutritional support. Findings from key randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that underfeeding (<70% of energy expenditure [EE]) during the acute phase of critical illness (first 7 days of intensive care unit [ICU] admission) may not be harmful and could instead promote autophagy and prevent overfeeding in light of endogenous energy production. However, the optimal energy target during this period is unclear and full starvation is unlikely to be beneficial. There are limited data regarding the effects of prolonged underfeeding on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, but recent studies show that oral food intake is suboptimal both in the ICU and following discharge to the acute care setting. It is hypothesized that provision of full nutrition (70-100% of EE) may be important in the recovery phase of critical illness (>7 days of ICU admission) for promoting recovery and rehabilitation; however, studies on nutritional intervention delivered from ICU admission through hospital discharge are needed. The aim of this review is to provide a narrative synthesis of the existing literature on metabolic alterations experienced during critical illness and the impact of underfeeding on clinical outcomes in the critically ill adult patient.