Abstract
1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy was used to study the freezing behavior of wintering buds of full-moon maple (Acer japonicum Thunb.). The images obtained predominantly reflected the density of mobile (i.e. non-ice) protons from unfrozen water. A comparison of NMR images taken at different subfreezing temperatures revealed which tissues produced high- and low-temperature exotherms in differential thermal analyses. In leaf and lower buds of A. japonicum, the scales and stem bark tissues were already frozen by -7[deg]C, but the primordial inflorescence and terminal primordial shoots remained supercooled at -14[deg]C, and the lateral primordial shoots were unfrozen even at -21[deg]C. The freezing of these supercooled tissues was associated with their loss of viability. The size of the supercooled primordial shoots and inflorescences was gradually reduced with decreasing temperature, indicating extraorgan freezing in these tissues. During this process the formation of dark regions beneath the primordia and subsequent gradual darkening in the basal part of supercooled primordia were visible. As the lateral shoot primordia were cooled, the unfrozen area was considerably reduced. Since the lateral primordia remained viable down to -40[deg]C, with no detectable low-temperature exotherms, they probably underwent type I extraorgan freezing. Deep supercooling in the xylem was clearly imaged. NMR microscopy is a powerful tool for noninvasively visualizing harmonized freezing behaviors in complex plant organs.