Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer recurrence after curative-intent surgery remains a challenge despite advancements in treatment. We review postoperative surveillance strategies and their impact on overall survival, highlighting recommendations from clinical guidelines and controversies. Studies suggest no clear benefit from more intensive imaging, whereas computed tomography scans reveal promise in detecting recurrence. For early-stage disease, including ground-glass opacities and adenocarcinoma in situ or minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, less frequent surveillance may suffice owing to favorable prognosis. Liquid biopsy, especially circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid, holds potential for detecting minimal residual disease. Clinicopathologic factors and genomic profiles can also provide information about site-specific metastases. Machine learning may enable personalized surveillance plans on the basis of multi-omics data. Although precision medicine transforms non-small cell lung cancer treatment, optimizing surveillance strategies remains essential. Tailored surveillance strategies and emerging technologies may enhance early detection and improve patients' survival, necessitating further research for evidence-based protocols.