Conclusions
Our results suggest a model of mutually beneficial interactions between tumor cells and monocytes that adversely affect patient outcome.
Purpose
Immunotherapeutic strategies to treat patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) offer new opportunities for disease management. Further improvements to immunotherapy will require additional understanding of the host response to RCC development. Experimental design: Using a novel approach to understanding the immune status of cancer patients, we previously showed that patients with a certain immune profile had decreased overall survival. Here, we examine in more detail the phenotypic changes in peripheral blood and the potential consequences of these changes in RCC patients.
Results
We found that CD14(+)HLA-DR(lo/neg) monocytes were the most predominant phenotypic change in peripheral blood of RCC patients, elevated nearly 5-fold above the average levels measured in healthy volunteers. Intratumoral and peritumoral presence of CD14 cells was an independent prognostic factor for decreased survival in a cohort of 375 RCC patients. The amount of peripheral blood CD14(+)HLA-DR(lo/neg) monocytes was found to correlate with the intensity of CD14 staining in tumors, suggesting that the measurement of these cells in blood may be a suitable surrogate for monitoring patient prognosis. The interaction of monocytes and tumor cells triggers changes in both cell types with a loss of HLA-DR expression in monocytes, increases of monocyte survival factors such as GM-CSF in tumors, and increased production of angiogenic factors, including FGF2. Conclusions: Our results suggest a model of mutually beneficial interactions between tumor cells and monocytes that adversely affect patient outcome.