Abstract
PURPOSE: Fractures of the femoral shaft in children are common. The rates of bone growth and remodeling in children vary according to their ages, which affect their respective management. METHODS: This paper evaluates the incidence and patterns of pediatric femoral shaft fracture and the current concepts of treatments available. RESULTS: The type of fracture-closed or open; stable or unstable-needs to be taken into account. Child abuse should be suspected in fractures sustained by infants. For younger children, non-surgical management is preferred, which include Pavlik harness (< 6 months old) and early spica casting (6 months to 6 years old). Older children (> 6 years old) usually benefit from surgical treatments as outcomes of non-surgical alternatives are worse and are associated with prolonged recovery times. These operative measures for older children that are 6-12 years old include elastic stable intramedullary nailing and submuscular plating. Factors to be considered when devising an appropriate intervention include body mass, location of injury, and nature of fracture. For adolescent and skeletally mature teenagers (> 12 years old), rigid antegrade entry intramedullary fixation is indicated. In the event of open fractures or polytrauma, external fixation should be considered as a temporary treatment method for initial fracture stabilization. CONCLUSION: An age-based and evidence-based algorithm has been proposed to guide surgeons in the process of evaluating an appropriate treatment.