Abstract
BACKGROUND: The use of 3D technique compared to high-resolution 2D-4K-display technique has been shown to optimize spatial orientation and surgical performance in laparoscopic surgery. Since women make up an increasing amount of medical students and surgeons, this study was designed to investigate whether one gender has a greater benefit from using a 3D compared to a 4K-display system. METHODS: In a randomized cross-over trial, the surgical performance of male and female medical students (MS), non-board certified surgeons (NBCS), and board certified surgeons (BCS) was compared using 3D- vs. 4K-display technique at a minimally invasive training parkour with multiple surgical tasks and repetitions. RESULTS: 128 participants (56 women, 72 men) were included. Overall parkour time in seconds was 3D vs. 4K for all women 770.7 ± 31.9 vs. 1068.1 ± 50.0 (p < 0.001) and all men 664.5 ± 19.9 vs. 889.7 ± 31.2 (p < 0.001). Regarding overall mistakes, participants tend to commit less mistakes while using the 3D-vision system, showing 10.2 ± 1.1 vs. 13.3 ± 1.3 (p = 0.005) for all women and 9.6 ± 0.7 vs. 12.2 ± 1.0 (p = 0.001) for all men. The benefit of using a 3D system, measured by the difference in seconds, was for women 297.3 ± 41.8 (27.84%) vs. 225.2 ± 23.3 (25.31%) for men (p = 0.005). This can be confirmed in the MS group with 327.6 ± 65.5 (35.82%) vs. 249.8 ± 33.7 (32.12%), p = 0.041 and in the NBCS group 359 ± 52.4 (28.25%) vs. 198.2 ± 54.2 (18.62%), p = 0.003. There was no significant difference in the BCS group. CONCLUSION: 3D laparoscopic display technique optimizes surgical performance compared to the 2D-4K technique for both women and men. The greatest 3D benefit was found for women with less surgical experience. As a possible result of surgical education, this gender specific difference disappears with higher grade of experience. Using a 3D-vision system could facilitate surgical apprenticeship, especially for women.