Abstract
Stereoscopic imaging of single molecules at the plasma membrane of single cell requires spatial resolutions in 3 dimensions (x-y-z) at 10-nm level, which is rarely achieved using most optical super-resolution microscopies. Here, electrochemical stereoscopic microscopy with a detection limit down to a single molecule is achieved using a photoreduction-assisted cycle inside a 20-nm gel electrolyte nanoball at the tip of a nanopipette. On the basis of the electrochemical oxidation of Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) into Ru(bpy)(3) (3+) followed by the reduction of Ru(bpy)(3) (3+) into Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) by photogenerated isopropanol radicals, a charge of 1.5 fC is obtained from the cycling electron transfers involving one Ru(bpy)(3) (2+/3+) molecule. By using the nanopipette to scan the cellular membrane modified with Ru(bpy)(3) (2+)-tagged antibody, the morphology of the cell membrane and the distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on the membrane are electrochemically visualized with a spatial resolution of 14 nm. The resultant stereoscopic image reveals more CEA on membrane protrusions, providing direct evidence to support easy access of membrane CEA to intravenous antibodies. The breakthrough in single-molecule electrochemistry at the cellular level leads to the establishment of high-resolution 3-dimensional single-cell electrochemical microscopy, offering an alternative strategy to remedy the imperfection of stereoscopic visualization in optical microscopes.