Abstract
Transition metals, such as titanium (Ti) and copper (Cu) along with their respective metal oxides (TiO(2), Cu(2)O, and CuO), have been widely studied as electrocatalysts for nitrate electrochemical reduction with important outcomes in the fields of denitrification and ammonia generation. Based on this, this work conducted an evaluation of a composite electrode that integrates materials with different intrinsic activities (i.e., Cu and Cu(2)O for higher activity for nitrate conversion; Ti for higher faradaic efficiency to ammonia) looking for potential synergistic effects in the direction of ammonia generation. The specific performance of single-metal and composite electrodes has shown a strong dependence on pH and nitrate concentration conditions. Faradaic efficiency to ammonia of 92% and productivities of 0.28 mmol(NH(3)) ·cm(-2)·h(-1) at 0.5 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) values are achieved, demonstrating the implicit potential of this approach in comparison to direct N(2)RR with values in the order of μmol(NH(3)) ·h(-1)·cm(-2). Finally, the electrochemical rate constants (k) for Ti, Cu, and Cu(2)O-Cu/Ti disk electrodes were determined by the Koutecky-Levich analysis with a rotating disk electrode (RDE) in 3.02 × 10(-6), 3.88 × 10(-4), and 4.77 × 10(-4) cm·s(-1) demonstrating an apparent synergistic effect for selective NiRR to ammonia with a Cu(2)O-Cu/Ti electrode.