Abstract
Deep learning technology is rapidly advancing and is now used to solve complex problems. Here, we used deep learning in convolutional neural networks to establish an automated method to identify endothelial cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), without the need for immunostaining or lineage tracing. Networks were trained to predict whether phase-contrast images contain endothelial cells based on morphology only. Predictions were validated by comparison to immunofluorescence staining for CD31, a marker of endothelial cells. Method parameters were then automatically and iteratively optimized to increase prediction accuracy. We found that prediction accuracy was correlated with network depth and pixel size of images to be analyzed. Finally, K-fold cross-validation confirmed that optimized convolutional neural networks can identify endothelial cells with high performance, based only on morphology.