Abstract
Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures may result in remarkable radiation doses to patients and staff. The aim of this prospective study was to determine occupational exposures in gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, with a special emphasis on eye lens dose in ERCP. Methods Altogether 604 fluoroscopy-guided procedures, of which 560 were ERCPs belonging to four American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy procedural complexity levels, were performed using two fluoroscopy systems. Personal deep-dose equivalent H (p) (10), shallow-dose equivalent H (p) (0.07), and eye lens dose equivalent H (p) (3) of eight interventionists and H (p) (3) for two nurse dosimeters were measured. Thereafter, conversion coefficients from kerma-area product (KAP) for H (p) (10), H (p) (0.07), and H (p) (3) were determined and dose equivalents per procedure to an operator and assisting staff were estimated. Further, mean conversion factors from H (p) (10) and H (p) (0.07) to H (p) (3) were calculated. Results The median KAP in ERCP was 1.0 Gy·cm (2) , with mobile c-arm yielding higher doses than a floor-mounted device ( P < 0.001). The median H (p) (3) per ERCP was estimated to be 0.6 µSv (max. 12.5 µSv) and 0.4 µSv (max. 12.2 µSv) for operators and assisting staff, respectively. The median H (p) (10) and H (p) (0.07) per procedure ranged from 0.6 to 1.8 µSv. ERCP procedural complexity level ( P ≤ 0.002) and interventionist ( P < 0.001) affected dose equivalents. Conclusions Occupational dose limits are unlikely to be exceeded in gastrointestinal endoscopy practice when following radiation-hygienic working methods and focusing on dose optimization. The eye lens dose equivalent H (p) (3) may be estimated with sufficient agreement from the H (p) (10) and H (p) (0.07).