Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lifestyle factors influence the risk of morbidity and mortality, but the extent to which they are associated with employees' absence from work due to illness is unclear. We examined the relative contributions of smoking, alcohol consumption, high body-mass index, and low physical activity to diagnosis-specific sickness absence. METHODS: We did a multicohort study with individual-level data of participants of four cohorts from the UK, France, and Finland. Participants' responses to a lifestyle survey were linked to records of sickness absence episodes, typically lasting longer than 9 days; for each diagnostic category, the outcome was the total number of sickness absence days per year. We estimated the associations between lifestyle factors and sickness absence by calculating rate ratios for the number of sickness absence days per year and combining cohort-specific estimates with meta-analysis. The criteria for assessing the evidence included the strength of association, consistency across cohorts, robustness to adjustments and multiple testing, and impact assessment by use of population attributable fractions (PAF), with both internal lifestyle factor prevalence estimates and those obtained from European populations (PAF(external)). FINDINGS: For 74 296 participants, during 446 478 person-years at risk, the most common diagnoses for sickness absence were musculoskeletal diseases (70·9 days per 10 person-years), depressive disorders (26·5 days per 10 person-years), and external causes (such as injuries and poisonings; 12·8 days per 10 person-years). Being overweight (rate ratio [adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and chronic disease at baseline] 1·30, 95% CI 1·21-1·40; PAF(external) 8·9%) and low physical activity (1·23, 1·14-1·34; 7·8%) were associated with absences due to musculoskeletal diseases; heavy episodic drinking (1·90, 1·41-2·56; 15·2%), smoking (1·70, 1·42-2·03; 11·8%), low physical activity (1·67, 1·42-1·96; 19·8%), and obesity (1·38, 1·11-1·71; 5·6%) were associated with absences due to depressive disorders; heavy episodic drinking (1·64, 1·33-2·03; 11·3%), obesity (1·48, 1·27-1·72; 6·6%), smoking (1·35, 1·20-1·53; 6·3%), and being overweight (1·20, 1·08-1·33; 6·2%) were associated with absences due to external causes; obesity (1·82, 1·40-2·36; 11·0%) and smoking (1·60, 1·30-1·98; 10·3%) were associated with absences due to circulatory diseases; low physical activity (1·37, 1·25-1·49; 12·0%) and smoking (1·27, 1·16-1·40; 4·9%) were associated with absences due to respiratory diseases; and obesity (1·67, 1·34-2·07; 9·7%) was associated with absences due to digestive diseases. INTERPRETATION: Lifestyle factors are associated with sickness absence due to several diseases, but observational data cannot determine the nature of these associations. Future studies should investigate the cost-effectiveness of lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing sickness absence and the use of information on lifestyle for identifying groups at risk. FUNDING: NordForsk, British Medical Research Council, Academy of Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, and Economic and Social Research Council.