Abstract
Osteosarcomas are intricate cellular ecosystems, where heterotypic interactions significantly influence disease progression and therapeutic outcomes. Despite their importance, a detailed understanding of their cellular composition and organizational structure remains elusive. In this study, we provide a comprehensive single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomics analysis of human osteosarcomas. We construct a cellular meta-map to dissect spatial transcriptomic data, unveiling a detailed atlas of osteosarcoma compositional subgroups. We meticulously characterize the unique gene signatures and functional states of each subgroup and investigate the impact of chemotherapy on these cellular subpopulations. Additionally, our spatial transcriptomics analysis identifies a distinct spatial niche, located at the forefront of tumor necrotic zones, potentially associated with chemotherapy resistance. We also delve into the crosstalk between different cellular subgroups. This study furnishes a comprehensive transcriptional atlas of osteosarcoma's cellular architecture, enriching our comprehension of its complexity and laying the groundwork for more targeted therapeutic approaches.