Abstract
BACKGROUND: The number of reported maternal mental health (MH) difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher than during the pre-pandemic period. Findings on the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and children's developmental outcomes suggest lower scores on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) among children born during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic cohorts. The present study explored the interaction between maternal MH and being born during the COVID-19 pandemic on children's developmental outcomes. Furthermore, it examined the combined effect of maternal MH and birth during the pandemic on children's developmental outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: This study used a linked administrative dataset from Scotland. Children born between 1st March 2020 and 30th June 2021, inclusive (n = 32,683), and a comparative historical cohort that included those born between 1st April 2017 and 31st October 2018 in Scotland (n = 50,257) were included. Regression models were used to adjust for covariates, with outcomes such as ASQ-3 scores and developmental concerns and predictors such as maternal MH and birth during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: A history of MH hospital admission was associated with increased odds of developmental concerns: OR = 1.038, 95% CI [1.012, 1.064], p = 0.004** and reduced ASQ-3 scores (effect size = 0.130, 95% CI [-0.204, -0.056], p < 0.001***). There were mixed findings on the association between being born during the COVID-19 pandemic (developmental concerns: OR = 1.024, 95% CI [1.019, 1.029], p < 0.001***) and ASQ-3 scores (ES = 0.012, 95% CI [-0.002, 0.025], p = 0.08) but no interaction between a history of MH hospital admission and birth during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there was an interaction effect on mental health assessed by psychiatric outpatient attendance records association and birth during the COVID-19 pandemic on the ASQ-3 scores SD; -0.07 (ES =-0.066, 95% CI [-0.106, -0.027], p < 0.001***). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that being born during the COVID-19 pandemic and maternal MH influenced child development with relatively small effects, with mixed findings on their combined presence. Our study only examined developmental outcomes up to age 13-15 months. Future studies should explore the potential long-term effects of being born during the pandemic and MH.