Abstract
Calcium channels play an essential role in the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying anesthesia by mediating intracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) flux, which regulates key processes such as neurotransmitter release, neuronal excitability, and immune responses. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and ligand-gated calcium channels (LGCCs) are integral to the anesthetic process, with subtypes such as T-type VGCCs and NMDA receptors influencing consciousness and pain perception. This review emphasizes current evidence to highlight how anesthetic agents interact with calcium channels via direct inhibition and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol metabolism. Additionally, calcium channelopathies - genetic or acquired dysfunctions affecting VGCCs and LGCCs - pose challenges in anesthetic management, including arrhythmias, malignant hyperthermia, and altered anesthetic sensitivity. These findings underscore the critical need for precision medicine approaches tailored to patients with these conditions. While significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of calcium channels in anesthesia, knowledge gaps remain regarding the long-term implications of anesthetic interactions on calcium signaling and clinical outcomes. This review bridges foundational science with clinical practice, emphasizing the translational potential of calcium channel research for optimizing anesthetic strategies. By integrating molecular insights with emerging pharmacogenomic approaches, it provides a pathway for developing safer and more effective anesthesia protocols that enhance patient outcomes.